The events which took place during the Second World War in...

The events which took place during the Second World War in regards to the Holocaust are some of the most disturbing and confusing recordings in human history. Living within a time of such emotional turmoil, citizens all over the world were faced with moral decisions when the lives of many were endangered by the Nazi regime. However, despite the fear of the Nazi party under which the population of Eastern Europe lived, thousands of individuals stepped forward in the defense of those who were unable to help themselves. One of these individuals in particular happened to be working within the Nazi party itself; Oskar Schindler was an influential business man within the Nazi party who used his position to save the lives of thousands†¦show more content†¦During this scene, the little girl is a powerful symbol of the innocence and humanity of the Jews being slaughtered. Later within the movie, Schindler sees the body of the little girl in a collection of other exhumed corpses (Spielburg). These scenes act as a turning point, where Oskar Schindler is forced to confront the horrors which surrounded the Jews during the Holocaust. . As the German’s began their retreat in the spring of 1944, Schindler put into action his plan to move as many Jews as possible to a factory in his home town of Sudetenland before the S.S. police were able to execute them. This plan of Schindler’s required even more excessive and risky amounts of bribing, pleading, and cajoling to secure the authorization for such a move, but he was ultimately successful in uniting his workers in Czechoslovakia. Here Schindler and his wife were able to provide food, medicine, and safety while feigning war production until the arrival of the victorious Russians on May 9 (Steinhouse). Oskar Schindler and his efforts show beyond doubt that an individual with enough influence and inspiration can make a difference in thousands of lives even in times of moral indifference. Perhaps some o f the most moving demonstrations of those trying to make a difference were the actions of thousands of individuals from varying countries who risked their lives for their Jewish neighbours. This body ofShow MoreRelatedBook Review of Post Holocaust Interpretation, Misinterpretation, and the Claims of History649 Words   |  3 PagesBook Review: Post-Holocaust Interpretation, Misinterpretation, and the Claims of History In this account of Post-Holocaust publication, Berel Lang presents thoroughly researched information that rebuts some of the common moral, historical and theological claims of the events that took place during this period. The content and the events and ideas discussed in this book are focused on the possibility of this historical event with all the sadism and evil that it brings to mind is able to defineRead MoreThe Comic Book MAUS1288 Words   |  5 PagesMAUS Introduction Since the publishing of the comic book MAUS, there has been a broad debate not only from the survivors of the Holocaust but within the Jewish community pertaining to the appropriateness and representational meaning of the Holocaust in the modern literature. Many people who participate in the discussions or read the book have perceived the comic fashioning of the book as trivial, hence making the book appear as mocking, derogatory and comedic. Nevertheless, this is not theRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Causes Of Hate In The Holocaust1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthe multiple wars, terrorist’s attacks, and genocides. Many of these incidents were drove by hate, and did not end well. What drives this hate? How can people turn on one another with just feeling hate towards them? The Holocaust being one of the many genocides in our history was indeed influenced by an intense dislike. That intense dislike was towards certain types of people it ended up taking multiple lives. One of the many races that were hated, and killed during the Holocaust were the JewsRead MoreThe Nazi s Plan For The Final Solution Was Fuelled By Anti Semitism Essay4425 Words   |  18 Pagestwo secondary sources that I will be analysing are ‘What Was Kristallnacht?’ from Holocaust-History and ‘Kristallnacht’ from Britannica. The two Primary sources I will be analysing are photographs I found on History Place and propaganda pieces from Holocaust Research Project. The three historical ideas of the Nazi’s plan for the final solution was fuelled by anti-Semitism, Kristallnacht was the beginning of the holocaust and Hitler used Germany’s vulnerability to come to power and spread his anti-sematicRead MoreRider Haggard And Maus By Art Spiegelman2131 Words   |  9 Pageswe learn about history is through sources that are provided to an individual, whether it is a book, a recording, a movie, or a letter. They can be offered as primary sources or s econdary source. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of historical events that occurred in the past. These sources are accounts that are recorded or told by a witness who lived through that specific time. Identifying what exactly constitutes a primary source can be complex, especially in the case of books since they tendRead MoreJudaism And Judaism2022 Words   |  9 PagesI am writing my research paper over Judaism and the Holocaust. I think that Jewish religion is very interesting and I love learning about the Holocaust. I am going to start out by explaining the overview of some Jewish history and the four main branches. Judaism is known to be one of the oldest religions in the world today. Jewish history extends back though the ancient Israelite and Hebrew people to Abraham. The basic facts of Judaism are found in beliefs, history, and practices. Jewish beliefsRead MoreThe Second World War2323 Words   |  10 PagesThe brutality that came with the onset of the Second World War, was that that was unseen by the world in the centuries before. World War Two became one of the defining moments in the 20th century. The scale of the war and the atrocities that came with the desire for the absolute destruction of the enemy was, and will have an effect on the peoples of the world for many years in the future. The Holocaust did not arise through deliberate planning set out right from the time that the NSDAP came intoRead MoreThe Holocaust Holocaust2312 Words   |  10 PagesWhen referring to the ‘Holocaust’ – defined by (Oxford Dictionary) as ‘Destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war:’ – we have to take into account the global awareness and knowledge of that time. We, as a planet, have come to acknowledge the ‘Holocaust’ not as the aforementioned and defined, but as the time in which, between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany, lead by Adolf Hitler, persecuted and massacre d approximately six million Jews, as well as a plethora ofRead More Anne Frank Remembered: Review Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesautobiography of Miep Gies, the woman who helped the Frank family survive during their two years in hiding. Her book is a primary source or first hand account of the persecution of Jewish people in Nazi occupied Holland during the second world war. It is also the first hand account of the hiding of Jews such as the Frank family, the Van Daan family, and Dr. Albert Dussel during this time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In regard to the books autobiographical format, the author, Miep Gies, does not presentRead MoreReconciliation Essay2590 Words   |  11 Pageshealed?† (Marrus 27). In a world growing smaller each day, people cannot afford to hold onto the traumas and wrongs that have been committed unto them. At the same time, how can the world ask people who have been tortured, abused, systematically raped, and their lives forever changed to live with their aggressors once again? Can these people forgive their transgressors and come to a place of reconciliation? The steps taken by the Germany after the Second World War give one example of how to acknowledge

Are Leaders Born Or Made - 1372 Words

Research completed by the Center for Creative leadership asked for the opinion of 361 executives from 53 countries. The survey asked the respondents to answer the question ‘are leaders born or made?’ The results showed that 52.4% believed leaders are made, 19.1% felt leaders are born and 28.5% thought it was equal. The executives had differing opinions but the ‘leaders are made’ view was more popular. It also revealed that those who indicated ‘leaders are made’ believe that experience is more important than traits or training and what people learn over time is important. Those who indicated ‘leaders are born’ believe traits and experience are equally important and training much less important, this group believe that that employers should be more selective and focus on identifying the right people instead of developing people after recruitment (Gentry et al., 2012). Taylor (2014) considers how working in the health and social care sector can be stressful. Managers need to be able support team members but also manage their own mental/physical health as the responsibility of leadership can be overwhelming at times. Vivian, one of the six managers in the K313 module felt overwhelmed when she heard that key team members would not be available at a crucial time when a deadline needed to be met. Vivian is now an experienced manager who was able to keep her emotions under control but situations like this can cause considerable stress. She explained that when she first became aShow MoreRelatedAre Leaders Made or Are Leaders Born?772 Words   |  4 Pagesold question. Are leaders made or are they born? My belief on this – I believe that a leader is made, not born. Why do I say that? Before going further, lets be clear on one distinction – when we say a leader is made, it does not mean that someone can be taught to become a leader by attend ing leadership courses. While it helps, it is not enough. Warren Bennis (a leading leadership researcher) believes that one cannot be taught to become a leader but one can learn to become a leader over the years throughRead MoreLeaders Are Made Not Born1700 Words   |  7 Pages Leaders are made not born. If a person has the desire and willpower it can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training and experience. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledgeRead MoreAre Leaders Made Or Born?992 Words   |  4 PagesAre leaders made or born? The ever-persistent question asked when someone starts talking about leadership. To this I say we were all born, correct? Leaders and the leadership role are not inherited traits passed down through the DNA genome pool of the extraordinary powerful leaders. No, they build upon their naturally skills and abilities, and observe behaviors of great leaders before them. Believing in themselves that their best is yet to come. So the answer is neither, great leaders adapt and learnRead MoreLeaders Are Born Not Made1652 Words   |  7 Pages‘Leaders are born not made’. To what extent you agree or disagree wi th this statement? Justify your answer using leadership theories and relevant examples. Christopher King u3107827 Tutorial: Monday 0930 – Daniel Oyston Word count: â€Æ' Intro ‘The most dangerous leadership myth is that leaders are born – that there is a genetic factor to leadership. This myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are madeRead MoreLeaders Are Born Or Made?801 Words   |  4 PagesThe question of whether leaders are born or made, is one that has been asked just as much as which came first, the chicken or the egg. It is a question, which all of us ponder through our own journey in leadership. For most of us, becoming an effective leader is hard and daunting work. Some of us grow up wanting to be leaders, while others sort of just fall into leadership, without really realizing when or how they became leaders. For some, leadership begins at an early age, perhaps during childhoodRead MoreLeaders Are Born Or Made?1062 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will argue whether leaders are born or made. This will be done by discussing s ome relevant theories of leaderships such as the trait, situational and behavioural theories. It will also discuss the differences between leadership and management. Furthermore, the Contingency theories which are related to sources of power will be address as well. New development of situational theories will also be reviewed and discuss base on their strengths and weaknesses. Also relevant literatures whichRead MoreLeaders Are Born Not Made2148 Words   |  9 PagesLEADERS ARE BORN NOT MADE There have been an age long debate, and humans since beginning of time, have tried to come up with an answer to this question – Are Leaders born or are they made?. This question has generated an age long debate, which in turn has resulted in various school of thoughts, some believe that leaders are born, while others think otherwise. My contribution to this lifelong debate will serve as a pointer to my position on this issue. I strongly believe that leaders are born andRead MoreLeader s Are Born Not Made1283 Words   |  6 PagesLEADERS ARE BORN NOT MADE To begin this essay I would prefer to give a little scenario by asking ourselves, can all managers go on to be a leader? For several years, the concern whether leaders are born or made is an issue of great controversy. From different opinions however, it could be a little bit of both hence proving that any manager can go on to be a great leader as well. Among other definitions, Maxwell (1993, p.11) has defined leadership as an ability to influence others. He also definedRead MoreLeaders , Are They Born or Made?3310 Words   |  14 Pagesdepends ultimately on the qualities of its leaders. But are leaders born successful or can they be trained? Use theories and evidences to support your discussion. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Leadership is the competency and capability to influence and motivate people towards the fulfilment of goals .Thereby, leadership within any organization, is most definitely a critical factor of organizational efficacy. Leaders also embody a vision for future, and a good leader possesses the quality to cope and evolveRead MoreLeaders Are Born Or Made?1036 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a well-known and often asked question on whether leaders are born or made. While the origin of the question is unknown, the answer in response to the question are numerous. The terms leadership and management have become increasingly prevalent in today’s workplace. They are often used in place of each other and in some cases the terms leadership and management are used identically to each other. This has not always been the case. Leadership has a long history that dates as far back

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 12 Free Essays

string(61) " had these weird fantasies his wife didn’t know about\." Searching the Internet didn’t turn up much, just as I’d feared. Still, I took some satisfaction in at least doing something. It kept my mind off my possibly impending death. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Heat CHAPTER 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It kept my mind off demons descending on Seattle. Most importantly, it kept my mind off Seth. Because if I thought about him, I was going to think about touching him and kissing him and†¦well, a lot of other things. My feelings for him were starting to consume me, almost to the extent that my other problems seemed trivial. So, I lost myself in Google searches, hoping for any scrap of information about demon summoning. As expected, most of my hits sent me to sites on role-playing games and Dr. Faustus. Still, I felt better than if I’d just sat around. Driving to the meeting at the Cellar was about as agonizing as walking to the bookstore had been. I took slow back roads, unwilling to face the congestion and speed of the freeways. The Cellar was a pub a lot of Seattle immortals liked to frequent. Whoever had organized this event had apparently reserved the restaurant’s back room, which was normally used for banquets and wedding receptions. I didn’t have to sense demonic magic to know they’d sealed off the space from prying ears. The dimly lit room was crowded when I entered. I recognized some of the local lesser immortals, but most were demons I didn’t know. Few sat at the long table, which was covered with appetizer plates and bottles of wine. Most people stood around the edges, deep in conversation, or had pulled chairs up in tight, furtive clusters. Grace and Mei were both working the room, looking as businesslike and efficient as ever-albeit edged in an uncharacteristically frazzled air. For the first time ever, they were dressed differently, and I wondered if stress had prevented them from coordinating their wardrobes. Mei wore a red skirt and blazer with a necklace made of tiny alternating gold and silver rings. Grace wore a linen pantsuit with a chunky stone choker with a crescent moon pendant. Peter, Cody, and Hugh stood in the corner and waved me over. â€Å"Hey,† I said, â€Å"what’s going on?† â€Å"Not much,† said Hugh. â€Å"This seems to be more of a meet and greet. Not a lot of organization.† We fell silent, all of us watching the interactions. In the opposite corner, I saw Cedric gesturing dramatically as he spoke. His face was dark and intent, and Kristin stood nearby with a clipboard and rapt expression, taking notes. Not far away, Nanette stood with her lovely, unreadable face while listening to another demoness talk. â€Å"So, you must be Jerome’s staff.† The four of us turned. None of us had noticed the demon approaching, thanks to losing our ability to sense immortal signatures. This whole experience, I decided, really was like being bereft of sight or smell. This particular demon was no one I knew. He had a big toothy smile and skin that looked like it had had a tanning job go bad. His spiky white-blond hair wasn’t doing him any favors either. He extended a hand. â€Å"I’m Tom. Pleasure to meet you all.† We each shook his hand in return, introducing ourselves. He held our hands with great vigor, like a politician on the campaign trail. If we’d had a baby, I had no doubts he would have kissed it. â€Å"I imagine this must be pretty strange for you,† he commented. â€Å"But I want you to know that we’re all here for you. There’s nothing to worry about-things’ll be back to normal before long.† â€Å"Thank you,† I said politely, giving as good a succubus smile as I could in a non-succubus state. Snark around a demon was never a good idea. Snark when you didn’t have your normal powers? Horrible idea. â€Å"We’re just anxious to get Jerome back.† His smile faltered a little but quickly resumed. â€Å"Yes, yes. Of course. We’re all doing everything we can. But, of course, you know there’s a chance Jerome might not be found†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"So we’ve heard,† said Hugh, speaking as politely as I had. Tom nodded. â€Å"But don’t worry. In the tragic event that happens, we’ll make sure you guys are taken care of. You can rest assured that Seattle’s next archdemon will rule with control and competence, making sure you’re able to perform your duties in an efficient and effective manner.† I had a feeling he was on the verge of telling us how, if elected, he’d cut taxes and increase jobs, but we were interrupted by a high-pitched voice. â€Å"Georg- gee -na!† A seven-foot woman was heading toward us. She had ebony-black skin that looked horrible with her orange hair. The combination made Tom’s features look supermodel gorgeous. Gold eye shadow shot all the way to her eyebrows, its glitter rivaled only by the multicolored sequins of her dress. A black feather boa flared around her as she walked. Several demons in the room froze and watched her, which was remarkable. Demons are not easily fazed. â€Å"Who’s that?† asked Cody. Just like with Tom, Cody could sense neither the identity nor even the type of this immortal. But I needed no such clues. â€Å"Tawny,† Peter and I said in unison. â€Å"How do you guys know?† asked Cody. â€Å"The clothes,† said Peter. â€Å"The whine,† I said. Tom was standing there, mouth half-open. A moment later, he recovered himself. â€Å"Well, it was nice meeting you all. I hope you’ll come talk to me if you have any questions or concerns. I’m very eager to get to know you all better.† He scurried off just as Tawny reached us. We stared. â€Å"What the hell happened to you?† exclaimed Hugh. Tawny pouted. â€Å"Well, there was this really nice guy that I wanted. Really pure and-â€Å" â€Å"Tawny,† I interrupted. â€Å"I’ve told you a hundred times. Stop worrying about the good ones.† She shook her head. â€Å"No, no. He was into me. Well, he was into this.† She gestured to her body. â€Å"I figured out that he had these weird fantasies his wife didn’t know about. You read "Succubus Heat CHAPTER 12" in category "Essay examples" So, I put on this shape, and we did it . And the energy†¦it was amazing.† I couldn’t hide my astonishment. Tawny had managed to score a decent guy. She’d used a strategy that, while basic, was also highly effective: exploiting secret desires. It could shake the unshakable soul. â€Å"Wow,† I said at last. â€Å"That’s great. I†¦well, I can’t believe I’m saying this, but I’m proud of you.† She sighed. â€Å"But I didn’t get to enjoy the rush. Like, ten minutes after it happened, it went away. Everything went away. I started feeling sick and-â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, we know the rest,† said Cody, not unkindly. â€Å"And I was wearing this body, and now†¦now I’m stuck with it.† Under normal conditions, this would have provided hours of hilarity. For now, I actually felt bad for her. â€Å"Well, hang in there. They say this won’t last for long.† Tawny nodded unhappily. â€Å"Yeah. Here’s hoping.† Then, unexpectedly, she brightened a little. â€Å"Oh, but hey, you were totally right about the blow-job thing.† Hugh’s head whipped around to stare at me. â€Å"What?† Before I could say anything, Mei thankfully shouted for everyone’s attention. And when I say shouted, I mean it. She used her power to amplify her voice, so it rang painfully through the whole room, making a lot of us wince and cover our ears. Several people backed away, giving us a clear view of her and Grace. â€Å"We want to thank everyone for coming,† Mei said, returning to her usual flat, emotionless voice. â€Å"And we appreciate everyone’s help as we try to keep things running around here. Mei and I have everything under control right now, but the concern everyone’s shown is certainly†¦admirable.† There was the slightest wry note in Grace’s voice as she glanced around at the assembled demons. Many of them straightened up and smiled, acting as though they truly were here out of concern for us. â€Å"We know you’re as anxious to find Jerome as we are,† said Mei. â€Å"And we’ll be doing everything we can to locate him.† Some of those smiles tightened a little, and the crowd shifted uncomfortably. As I’d told Seth, not everyone was so eager for Jerome’s return. â€Å"Yes, of course,† a booming voice said. Tom had joined Grace and Mei in the spotlight. â€Å"Jerome is our top priority, of course. And if-I mean, when-he’s found, I’m sure Management will be most eager to talk to him about how this happened in the first place. No doubt he will need a little†¦rehabilitation, and should he be unable to fulfill his duties, I for one am ready right now to step up and run infernal affairs in Seattle.† â€Å"Well, Tom.† A dark-haired demoness from across the room straightened up from where she leaned against the wall. â€Å"If memory serves, your leadership in Tuscaloosa didn’t end so well.† Tom glowered. â€Å"That was not my fault.† So it began. The meeting slowly degenerated into chaos and mostly became about each demon talking about why he or she was the best choice-and why all of the others were completely unfit. It was like a year of presidential campaigning condensed into an hour. â€Å"Look at Grace and Mei,† noted Hugh. â€Å"They look like they want to smite this entire room.† â€Å"Well,† I said. â€Å"That’s the thing. All these demons are talking about keeping hellish affairs in order here, but those two are the ones who are actually doing it right now.† â€Å"Hell should just let them take over if Jerome doesn’t come back,† said Cody. I gave him a sharp look. â€Å"Er, I mean, not that there’s any question of that. He’ll be back.† â€Å"Let’s hope so,† a new voice said. Cedric had strolled over and joined our circle, Kristin in tow. â€Å"Whatever,† I said, unable to hide a smile. â€Å"You can’t tell me you want him back. This is your perfect chance to create your great Northwest empire.† He shook his head. â€Å"No, believe me, I want nothing to do with any of this. Compared to some of these losers, Jerome suddenly seems like an ideal neighbor.† It was very much like what Isabelle had said. â€Å"I don’t suppose,† Cedric added, â€Å"that you’re going to be coming back up to Vancouver?† I hesitated. Was I? Who did I answer to now? Did Jerome’s orders still stand? â€Å"I†¦I don’t know,† I admitted. â€Å"I don’t know what I’m supposed to. If I should leave.† â€Å"Well,† he said. â€Å"It wasn’t like you were doing that great a job.† â€Å"I was too! I’d gotten them to back down before their so-called angel spoke to them. She told them not to trust me.† I frowned, wondering if I should go on. I didn’t know who to trust without Jerome around, and as Hugh had said, Cedric was still a very likely candidate for Jerome’s summoning, in spite of my gut instinct. â€Å"And you know†¦I think I have an idea about who did this and who that angel is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cedric groaned. â€Å"Will you give up on Isabelle already?† I shook my head and lowered my voice. â€Å"I don’t think it was her. I think it was Nanette.† The incredulous look on his face didn’t change. â€Å"That’s as ridiculous as Isabelle. You were there. You saw Nanette come to me because she was simply worried about managing her own territory.† â€Å"Funny, she had a similar meeting with Jerome not long after that.† Cedric’s face kept that cool, skeptical expression that demons excelled it. But, I was pretty sure I could see a spark of interest in his blue-gray eyes. â€Å"That doesn’t mean anything.† Another gut feeling told me he was lying. He started to turn, but then Cody spoke, voice hesitant. â€Å"Excuse me†¦do you know†¦are we mortal?† Cedric hesitated a moment and then laughed. When none of us said anything, he glanced between all our faces. â€Å"Oh. You’re serious?† â€Å"Why is that such a crazy question?† I demanded. â€Å"We’ve lost everything else that makes us immortal.† â€Å"You’ve lost it to keep you out of trouble,† said Cedric. â€Å"Nobody wants you guys running around unsupervised with your normal abilities. So when you lose an archdemon, you get cut off. But you’re still immortal. You think you can get out of your contract with something as easy as death?† â€Å"So we could get hit by a car and still be okay?† asked Cody. â€Å"Of course. Sure, it’d take awhile to recover. You’d heal like a human, but you’d eventually heal.† â€Å"What if we got decapitated?† asked Peter. â€Å"Yeah,† agreed Cody. â€Å"Like in Highlander ?† Cedric rolled his eyes. â€Å"Don’t get decapitated, and we’ll never have to find out.† He focused on me. â€Å"Look, stay here for a while. Something tells me that the Angel of Darkness isn’t going to be making any appearances anytime soon. I suspect the distraction is over.† â€Å"I agree. Thanks.† He gave me a curt nod and started to turn. Then, he glanced back at Tawny and did a double-take. â€Å"What’s your name?† â€Å"Tawny,† she replied. He eyed her from head to foot and then turned to Kristin. â€Å"Get her number and set up a date.† I saw a spark of something in Kristin’s eyes, and it took me a moment to identify it. Jealousy. Reflecting back on the way she doted on his affairs, I shouldn’t have been surprised that she had a crush on him. She flipped through a few pages in her clipboard, her lips tight and disapproving. â€Å"You’ve got a lot of appointments this week. You hate it when you’ve got back-to-back events.† She spoke levelly, but I could tell that while part of her warning came from true concern, another part of her welcomed the chance to throw a kink into his dating life. Cedric didn’t appear to notice. He waved a dismissive hand. â€Å"Cancel something unimportant. You’ll know what to do.† He wandered off while Kristin took down Tawny’s number. â€Å"We’ll be in touch,† Kristin said flatly. â€Å"Huh,† said Tawny, once Kristin was gone. â€Å"He’s kind of cute. Maybe this body isn’t so bad after all.† I exchanged glances with Hugh and Peter. They looked a lot like I felt: weary and frustrated, with the secret suspicion that this was all almost funny. â€Å"Well,† I said, watching Tawny smile with delight. â€Å"At least someone’s happy with all this.† How to cite Succubus Heat CHAPTER 12, Essay examples

Organisational Culture in Multinational Corporations†Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Culture in Multinational Corporations. Answer: Introduction: Why are managers of Asian/African descent not included in management research? Why are women not mentioned in the discussion of managing? Management studies based in the Asian or African continents are observed to be limited in nature owing to the existence of weak institutional structures and also existence of potential resource constraints. Further, the lack of effective human resources also act as a potential restraint that deters the growth of management research regarding training of human resources for enabling needed productivity growth in due time. The Asian and African economies are still considered as emerging economies in nature which account for the reduced existence of business institutions operating in the regions(Punnett et al., 2017). Moreover, the management structure of the business institutions operating in the Asian and African continents are also observed to have lesser percentage of women representing the higher hierarchy. Women in the workplace are considered against the social taboo owing to which women are not included in the management literature based along such regional contexts(George et a l., 2016). References George et al., 2016. BRINGING AFRICA IN: PROMISING DIRECTIONS FOR MANAGEMENT RESEARCH. Academy of Management Journal, 59(2), pp.377-93. Punnett, B.J., Ford, D. Lituchy, T., 2017. The Emic-Etic-Emic Research Cycle. Insights from Lead Project , 17(3), pp.1-6.

tedd williams Essay Example

tedd williams Essay The Ted Williams Villanelle by Wendy Cope Ted Williams is known as one of the all time greats in baseball. During his long baseball career, Ted skipped some seasons and served as a Marine Corps pilot. During his time in WWII and the Korean War, we would all assume that Ted gained tremendous leadership skills. These skills helped him on the baseball field, and throughout his entire life. Ted could be mistaken as a coach in these lines. He talks to someone as if he is teaching them. He repeats himself constantly. Cope uses the line, Dont let anybody mess with your swing, four times. It is as if Ted is talking toa young baseball player. He then repeats a line about watching the ball and doing your thing. Ted is not telling the player to do whatever he wants, but more importantly to be comfortable at the plate. Being a former baseball player, I know that it can be nerve wrecking to be at the plate in close situations. Ted wants his players to be comfortable and confidante; because he knows thats when they will do best. When Ted talks about not letting someone mess with your swing, I believe that these lines have two different meanings. We will write a custom essay sample on tedd williams specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on tedd williams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on tedd williams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Baseball players change from team to eam, and see lots of new different coaches. Ted does not want a player to try and change up his batting style from year to year. He is not saying to not listen to coaching, but to stick with basic principles that they learned on. Ted is also referring to peoples characteristics. Often times, and especially now days, dugouts are loaded with all sorts of different people from different countries. He does not want the young player from Kentucky to show up in Boston and completely try to change his ways to fit in. He wants everyone to have their own character and charisma. He is aying that we should accept different people. This poem is very repetitive, but it is for a reason. It shows how much ofa leader Mr. Williams really was. This poem was not written by Ted, so obviously others new of him to act as a leader. The Critic that I chose was not very baseball knowledgeable. He did bring up former information on Ted, but on different subjects. However we both acknowledged that Ted was very repetitive. He did point something out that I liked. Cope uses the two most popular lines together at the very end of the poem. They were a same ending rhyme, and it finished the poem fantastically.

Sixteen Wonderful PowerPoint Presentation

Sixteen Wonderful PowerPoint Presentation Ideas for Creating an Effective PowerPoint Presentation It is estimated that every day all around the world, MS PowerPoint is used to create around 30,000,000 presentations. So, how many of these are ineffective and is there any limit to the number of bad presentations that audiences must endure? It can be torturous to sit through overly long, boring PowerPoint presentations that no one is interested in. It is even worse if you are the one delivering a presentation to a disinterested audience. The fact is that everyone wants presentations to be more effective, engaging and concise. The following 16 tips are designed to help you achieve this. Begin by understanding your audience: Who will be listening to your presentation? Who exactly are they, what are their ages, what is their occupation and income range? Having this information will help you build and tailor your presentation. Say why your message is significant or important Your message should be tailored to the needs and interests of your audience so that a) they know the reason for your presentation and b) you can achieve your objectives. PowerPoint is not the only presentation-making tool! You need not worry if you do not have access to PowerPoint! There are a number of other excellent presentation-making tools available, and some of them are free! One very powerful and effective photo editing option is Canva. This tool has a great range of fonts and several filtering options that make it really easy to build powerful, professional-looking, highly-engaging, custom-made presentations. With Canva, you have access to a vast range of templates and design tools to help you custom-build a presentation to your precise requirements. Moreover, it is free! Two other good web-based options are Google Slides and Prezi, both of which are free. These facilitate presentations anywhere across the Internet. Slides should be kept concise and to-the-point There should be just one main point or take-away message per slide. An excessive amount of information on a single slide can confuse an audience. So, focus on one key point per slide with some explanatory bullet points. Use images and visuals as enhancers The use of visuals in a presentation can help emphasize a point. Think about using PowerPoint templates There are up to 15 good PowerPoint templates on various website, includings, as well as some additional tips you may find useful. These should help you build a stylish presentation. It is not necessary to use every feature that PowerPoint offers. However, some are definitely useful for enhancing a presentation. Bullet points are more effective in a presentation than paragraphs Bullet points on slides provide the audience with the main points of a presentation. They also give the presenter some cues to keep their thoughts on track. However, slides should not be overloaded with bullet points. This technique is good for keeping an audience in tune with the presenter rather than them reading the words on the slides. Slides should not do the presenters talking. It is a good idea to limit words to six per line and six lines to each slide. Make sure text is legible Use a style of text that is easy for your audience to read. The best font types are Helvetica or Arial. Use fancy fonts only in headlines. Avoid reading word-by-word from slides Presentation slides should be used to supplement the spoken word and to draw attention to main points. As the presenter, keep your slides simple and use them to get your main points or message across. You should, of course, elaborate on the words displayed on your slides but you should not read them verbatim. When using bullet points, elaborate on each one by telling a joke, anecdote or some interesting fact. Try and make your presentations last less than twenty minutes Studies suggest that twenty minutes is as long as adults remain attentive at any given time. Therefore, it is best not to let presentations over-run this time. It can help to let your audience have a break but keep their interest by playing a demo or video. Engage your audience by using videos Videos can occasionally add something over and above to a presentation. Only use them if they are value-added, beneficial and directly relevant to your presentation. Use a two to four minute clip to convey your main idea(s). Do not place quantity over quality Try not to waste your listeners time with fillers and irrelevancies. Add good-quality information to your slides and use them only to add value to a presentation. Use other presentations as learning aids Not all presentations are equal some are better. Check out other peoples presentations to get ideas before starting on yours. Pay special attention to how visuals are laid out and used. Use your own computer and other hardware items If you intend to use a USB, formatting is very important. It is a good idea to take the laptop you are accustomed to using along with you. Put a backup copy of your PowerPoint presentation on a USB drive in case of mishap. You can also save your presentation to Dropbox or send it to your own email address. Do plenty practice The key to an effective presentation is preparation. Therefore, you should write a full draft of your speech set out in bullet points rather than full text. Then speak into your cell phone or some type of voice recorder and replay it. It is surprising how different your voice can sound when you listen to it. This should allow you to spot ways of improving your work. It is sometimes possible to improve the impact of your words or points by changing the order. End by calling your audience to action As your presentation comes to an end, offer something that your audience can immediately act on. This equals the exclamation mark at the end of a speech or talk. This is the point where you bring every element together and to a conclusion. What aspect of your presentation can your listeners put into action when they leave?

Renewable and Solar Power in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Renewable and Solar Power in the UK - Essay Example The paper tells that the solar energy is an alternative for the more widespread fossil fuel based energy sources such as oil, gas and coal. The UK possesses 0.3% of global oil reserves. A peak for oil production in the UK occurred in 1999, and by 2010, this tailed off by 54%. There are indications however, that there could be an estimated 25 billion barrels of oil remaining in British waters. Tapping into these reserves however, would require a capital expenditure of around  £60 billion so it would be very costly. As of 2010, oil production in the UK was 63 million tonnes, estimated reserves stood at 751 million tonnes, which was a decrease of 18 million tonnes from the previous year. Gas production in the same year was 55 bcm and reserves stood at 253 bcm, which was 3 bcm less than the previous year. The situation for natural gas in the UK is therefore similar. There was a sharp decline in UK gas reserves from 0.74 trillion cubic meters in 2000 to 0.66 trillion cubic meters in 200 1 and by the year 2010, the gas reserves were as low as 0.25 trillion cubic meters. Also, as the production of gas in the UK is 57.1 billion cubic meters whereas the requirement is for 93.8 billion cubic meters, 39% of the UK's gas supply requirements is met by import. Oil reserves are also diminishing globally. The official OPEC's claim of an estimated 1.150 billion barrels is exaggerated and the actual reserves are believed to be between 850 billion and 1.35 billion barrels. (Telegraph, 2010). Moreover, it is believed that the demand could outstrip the supply by 2014. In fact, natural reserves are decreasing for both oil and gas while at the same time, there is a rising global demand for coal and oil. For the UK, Busby (2010) suggests greater use should be made of bio-diesel, landfill gas, and geophysical energy sources such as wind energy and hydropower. However, there is a problem in that deriving energy from the wind, rain and Sun is not as reliable as using pumped storage syst ems. Regardless, wind and solar powered technologies are promising. Wind energy for example, could meet up to 20% of the national energy requirements (Busby, 2010). As of July 2011, the UK government has now decided to promote the use of low-carbon forms of energy as part of its reformation strategy through providing incentives such as Fee-in-Tariffs for solar PV, Renewable Heating for wind and nuclear power and through establishing an emission performance standard (Envirolink, 2011). In its Energy White Paper 2011, the government set out its objectives (SSE, 2011). These included providing additional revenues to existing low carbon production efforts, making future investments in low carbon generation, and shutting down older less efficient plants. In its publication titled 'Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation', the government recognised that increasing energy needs and controlling environmental impact are the two biggest challenges for the UK energy sector (POST, 2011). Sol ar power can meet the need for reducing the UK's carbon footprint because the environmental impact of its use is much less than of coal and other fossil fuels. In fact, all fossil fuelled technologies, such as oil, gas and coal, have the largest carbon footprints whereas non-fossil fuel based technologies such as solar, wind, tidal, hydro, biomass and nuclear are

Communicating Effectively Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communicating Effectively - Research Paper Example In addition, the patterns depicted within the cross-sex communication frequently display the mean both men and female engage interpersonally. Regarding conflict conditions, the underlying contrasting behaviors amidst the prevailing sexes is extremely evident. Conflict is a common component of the entire associations and corresponding means of tackling crucially to the basic survival of the associations (Stone, 112). This paper discusses the conflict-handling styles in males and females and the implications of these techniques for supervisors. Communication is a procedure that entails sharing information amidst personalities via existing conventional system of the prevailing symbols and behavior. In addition, the mean through which populace frequently communicate relies on their gender (Robbins, Deenzo & Wolter, 50). Communication is an element of everyday life in which conflict is cumbersome to eliminate. Conflict is frequently developed when populace shares diverse beliefs concerning particular issues. Numerous factors determine what individuals believe, and they play an influential role in people’s opinions, consequently influencing their course of action. For this reason, there is a discernable difference between the conflict handling styles between males and females. Both genders communicate in diverse means by that making them initiate interpersonal communication in times of disputes. In the book, ‘Men are From Mars and Women are From Venus,’ John Gray (2004) says Men and women expect their men to feel, engage via communication to their actions. People forget that both genders are unique. Thus, their engagement is full of unnecessary misunderstanding and disagreements. The gender differences in conflict management originate from the gender-based tendencies that are rooted in a person’s childhood. Females depict a relational style of engagement, which entails expressing point of views, relations and offering a relatively larger proportion

Project Managment for Boeing 787 Dreamliner Essay - 1

Project Managment for Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Essay Example The project has however faced several challenges. It all started with weight issues with the plane said to have been overweight to the tune of 2,300kgs over and above the specified weight. This was however not all; there were 7 delays in the project process among them being an in flight fire on the Rolls Royce engine during testing. That not enough, just in the month of January 2012, Boeing reported shimming problems on some 787 fuselages.2 The poor performance towards the achievement of this projects’ objectives brought with it additional costs running in billions of dollars with penalty fees to the airlines forming a major part of these extra costs. A project is considered successful when it meets and exceeds customer expectations with regards to cost, time and performance.3 For ultimate project success, there is always need for trade-offs between the constraints of time, cost and scope/ performance. This may sometimes necessitate compromise of scope to achieve the constraints of time and cost. There are cases when it is of significance to expedite particular project activities which will require additional labor, leading to extra project costs. A priority matrix is therefore a tool that helps in the identification of which criterion to be constrained, those to be enhanced and which to be accepted.4 We will seek to analyze this matrix in the 787 project and find its justification. The above table shows the appropriate matrix for the three decisive factors in the 787 project. Time must be restricted because any additional delays in the production of this plane for whatever reasons come with huge penalties. All component activities must therefore be expedited to ensure the project is delivered within the set time frame. Given the nature of this project, performance can only be enhanced and no compromise can be made whatsoever on the scope of each component activity. The first delivery

Employment of Special Forces in Conventional Operations

Employment of Special Forces in Conventional Operations INTRODUCTION General 1. The history of warfare is replete with instances of a band of elite troops taking on a numerically superior force and using surprise to achieve relative superiority to emerge victorious. In a world where the nature of threat is becoming increasingly complex encompasses the entire spectrum of warfare, Special Forces hold their own importance. These highly trained motivated troops with sophisticated weapons equipment are capable of operating in all types of terrain weather conditions to seek a favourable response to sensitive situations. 2. In an era of modern warfare where all dimensions of force, time, space even virtual space or cyberspace are likely to be exploited to gain moral or physical ascendancy over the adversary, the role of the Special Forces becomes very important. It is therefore incumbent on any nation to have these forces fully geared up to confidently take up the challenges of the modern battlefield environment with a sound backing of tried tested doctrines employment concepts. Hypothesis 3. Given the changing face of warfare the aspirations of our nation to be a global player, there is a requirement of carrying out organisational doctrinal changes to our Special Forces for undertaking conventional operations in the future. Statement of the Problem 4. It seems quite obvious that there indeed is a need for having a re-look at the way the Special Forces are employed in present context of operations. Therefore, the problem can be stated as What are the organisational doctrinal changes required for effective employment of the Special Forces in conventional operations in the future? Justification of the Study 5. Recent wars such as those in Kosovo or Iraq have amply proved that no single instrument of war wins a campaign or successfully executes a mission. As conflicts become more complex and diverse, those involved with planning and executing campaigns and missions have greater challenges at hand[i]. 6. The Special Forces, by virtue of their superior combat training specialised weapons equipment, are a force multiplier unit available not only to a tactical commander to gain an upper hand vis-a-vis the adversary in a tactical battle, but also to a strategic force commander due to their ability to strike at the decisive points of the enemy. Special Forces are also a very effective force available to the commander in sub conventional operations where the very nature of the latter is based on small team concept. 7. On a larger canvas, as part of our growing influence in world matters our expanding interests in the Asian region, it may be necessary in future to station own Special Forces in some of the nations for safeguarding of our foreign assets as well as to improve our capability to react to an Out of Area contingency. 8. It is therefore mandatory to study as to what are the fundamental changes, if any, which are required so that our Special Forces are able to effectively execute the multifarious tasks expected out them in the future battlefield. Scope 9. The scope of the study encompasses a brief overview of the organization structure of the special operations forces of a few major developing developed countries followed by an assessment of the present organisation concept of employing our special forces. The study will thereafter analyse the likely future world order the spectrum of conflicts in the future analyse the changes in present organisation concept of employment to meet challenges of conventional operations in the future. 10. The study does not deliberate upon the specific operations of the Special Forces. However, an operation or part thereof may be included in a chapter to bring out certain lessons having a bearing on the topic. 11. The study will be carried out in the following manner:- (a) Chapter I : Overview of the Special Forces of various nations. (b) Chapter II : Present organisation concept of employment of Indias Special Forces. (c) Chapter III : Future world order spectrum of conflict. (c) Chapter IV : Changes in present organisation concept of employment to meet challenges of conventional operations in the future. (d) Conclusion. i Air Power Special Operations: AIR POWER Journal Vol. 2 No. 2 SUMMER 2005 (Apr-Jun) 102 pp 91-93 . CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE SP ECIAL FORCES OF VARIOUS NATIONS Intro duction 1. The evolution of the SF has been a continuous process the world over since the times of the Vikings the Mongols. Every age has produced a special soldier, be it the Greek Hoplite, the English Archer, Chhatrapati Shivaji of India, the Green Beret of the USA the Paratrooper Regiment of India. 2. The process of evolution of the SF gathered pace during after the World War II. Today, almost all nations with a standing army have the Special Operations Forces on their strength. In order to derive lessons about the role employment of the Indian Special Forces, it is therefore pertinent to study the organisational employment models of some of the modern Special forces of various nations of the world. SEC – 1: SPECIAL AIR SERVICE ( SAS) OF UK 3. In the post war western world, the UK has been the leading nation in evolving SF organisations, specialised equipment, training employment doctrines. 4. Organisation . The SAS was raised in the 1950s has evolved into a balanced, well trained force headed by the Director, Special Forces Group. The Director reports directly to Whitehall the Chief of Defence Staff. Under him, he has the following forces[ii]:- (a) 21st, 22nd 23rd SAS Regiments. (b) Special Boat Section (SBS). (c) 14th Intelligence Group. Note . Of these, the 22nd SAS is the only active regiment while the other two are Territorial Army SAS units. 5. The Royal Air Force (RAF) has a dedicated squadron which includes fixed rotary wing aircrafts for the operations in support of the SAS. 6. The primary mission of the SAS has been to undertake unconventional military operations in a conventional war. The SAS has performed this mission in various conflicts like the Falklands War the Gulf War with remarkable degree of success. Another task which the SAS was assigned in the near past was that of incident response operations dealing with intervention in hijack hostage situations. The SAS earned a niche for themselves by providing quality training advisory teams to a large number of Middle Eastern African nations. 7. Over the years, the SAS has developed into a highly professional force with clearly defined missions well equipped, highly trained motivated personnel to execute them. SEC 2: SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES (SOF) OF THE USA 6. The USA has the most elaborate well organised SF establishment in the world. It is also one of the largest with an overall strength of over 45,000 personnel a budget of over $ 4 bn. 7. The US adopts a systems approach to respond to problems which shows their bureaucracy in a good light demonstrates the clarity of thought determination of their leadership. 8. The US SOF has a dual role in todays context. They are seen as the nations penetration strike force as well as warrior diplomats capable of influencing, advising, training conducting operations with foreign forces, officials population. 9. The Posture Statement mandates the SOF to be able to undertake the following types of missions:- (a) Counter Proliferation. (b) Counter Terrorism. (c) Foreign International Defence. (d) Special Reconnaissance. (e) Direct Action. (f) Psychological Operations. (g) Civil Affairs. (h) Unconventional Warfare. (j) Information Operations. 10. As can be seen, the SOF of the US has been created to undertake a plethora of operations. More importantly, they have also been tasked to carry out operations like Civil Affairs, Psychological Operations Information Operations which have assumed tremendous importance in todays conflicts. Organisation 11. The SOF has an elaborate joint services organisational structure headed by a four star General who reports directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff the National Command Authority. The detailed organisation of the SOF is as shown at Appendix A[iii]. 12. Each of the unified theatre commands has a separate Special Operations Command (SOC) to meet their special requirements. The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) is a joint headquarters that deals with organisational training aspects is designed to study special operations requirements techniques, ensure interoperability equipment standardisation, plan conduct joint special operations exercises training. SEC- 3 : SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES OF CHINA 11. The SOF of China is modelled upon the Russian SOF pattern. Chinese forces, although adept at guerrilla warfare special missions, did not have a dedicated Special Forces component until the early 1990s when China underwent a doctrinal change from peoples war towards fighting a local war under high-tech conditions[iv]. 12. All the seven mil regions in China have a dedicated SOF component capable of deploying upto a regiment sized force. As its strategic reserve, the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) also has the 51st Airborne Division equipped with the BMD3 Paratrooper vehicles. The division has the capability to conduct airborne operations in a radius of upto 900 kms is likely to be employed for sabotage missions, disruption of command control structures etc. 13. PLA Airborne Corps plays a critical role in special operations scenario. It forms part of the PLAs strategic reserve rapid reaction forces. Airborne operations in the context of China include paratroops operations, air transport operations, heliborne operations special operations. The division inventory of the AB Corps is similar to that of an infantry division except for the heavy weaponry like tanks, heavy artillery anti-aircraft weapons. 14. The PLA Navy (PLAN) also has several elite units specialised in underwater special operations is known as the Amphibious Reconnaissance Groups. These are similar to the SBS of UK or the SEALs of the USA. 15. The SOFs Taiwan-focused training over the years has made them highly proficient at locating and destroying transportation nodes, logistics depots, and conducting reconnaissance missions. With the growing threat of terrorism on its Western borders, the SOF has also been strengthened in the fields of counter-terrorism, unconventional combat, as well as direct attack missions. 16. Although a conflict with China over disputed territory is by no means imminent, it would be wise for Indian policy makers and defence analysts to take note of the SOFs relatively newly acquired strengths, especially its ability to locate and destroy transportation nodes and logistics depots. In the event of hostilities, a PLA first strike would likely involve air strikes followed by a ground incursion and in order for this to occur, the SOF would need to create ground conditions that would be conducive to such operations. India should remain vigilant along its disputed border with China and should maximise any opportunity that it has to observe Taiwan-focused PLA training[v]. 17. Major indicators of the role importance of the SOF suggest the following:- (a) The evolution development of the SOF in China display both traditional modern principles of special operations. (b) The Chinese have emphasised on specialised warfare techniques since the 1990s after a deep study analysis of Gulf War the ongoing War on Terror. (c) The role of the SF in anti-terror operations is the new element that has been added to the overall strategy in the recent time. (d) Improvement in specific areas like sea-borne operations, EW IW suggest that these could be extensively employed in future regional conflicts with India etc. (e) Efforts to improve AB operational capabilities indicate its ambitions to gain strategic advantage in the Himalayan Region. SEC- 4: SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES OF PAKISTAN 18. The SOF of Pakistan is known as the Special Services Group (SSG). The first unit was formed in the late fifties with an initial strength of 12 companies including a SCUBA company. Post the debacle of 1965 Indo- Pak war, the SSG was reorganised expanded. Two new battalions a HQ were raised. In 1970, the SSG formed an independent combat diver unit by re-designating the old SCUBA Company. An additional company, the ZARAR Company was raised in 1980 as a CT force with the assistance of the British SAS[vi]. 19. The current strength of the SSG is estimated to be upto four battalions of 700 personnel each. The Commander SSG, of the rank of a Brigadier oversees the operations of the SSG. The Group has dedicated air assets earmarked for its employment. Of the four battalions, one battalion is under training at any given time, two are under operational deployment one is deployed for security of vital strategic assets. 20. The missions of the SSG include the following:- (a) Unconventional Warfare. (b) Long-range reconnaissance intelligence gathering. (c) Riverine operations. (d) CT. (e) Tactical Assaults. (f) Target designations for air force artillery. (g) Protection of vulnerable points. 21. The SSG is a battle- hardened force has grown in strength experience since the debacle of 1965. It has gained some really worthy experience during its recent employment in the operations against the Taliban al-Qaeda in NWFP Swat valley. ii Brigadier Deepak Sinha: Beyond the Bayonet Indian Special Operations Forces in the 21st Century. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. iii Ibid pp 60-67. iv Ibid pp 115-116. v Lieutenant General Vijay Oberoi, PVSM, AVSM, VSM: Approach Paper for Seminar on Doctrine, Structure Employment of Special Forces Across the Spectrum of Conflict in Indian Context (Centre of Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi, Sep 2005). vi Ibid pp 97-101, pg 104. CHAPTER II PRESENT ORGANISATION CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT OF INDIAS SPECIAL FORCES. Introduction 1. The employment of specialised guerrilla forces in Indian context dates back to the ancient ages. However, in the recent history it can be traced to the rule of the Maratha warrior, Chhatrapati Shivaji. Shivaji employed his small forces to infiltrate into enemies defences thereby turning them causing panic large scale casualties. 2. The modern SOF in India was raised consequent to the directions of Sir Winston Churchill which led to the raising of the 50 Independent Parachute Brigade in 1941. This brigade was employed in the Battle of Shangsak in an airborne operation in the WW II in the Burma Theatre. The 50 Independent Parachute Brigade is the oldest formation in the world to have continuously remained in airborne role. 3. Today, the Indian SOF comprises of the Parachute the Parachute Special Forces Battalions, the National Security Guards (NSG), the Marine Commandos (MARCOS) the Special Frontier Force (SFF). The organisation employment of these forces is discussed in the following chapters. Concept of Emp loyment of Special Forces 4. In war, Special Forces are an invaluable adjunct to conventional forces. Selectively employed, they have a force multiplier effect. In situations short of declared war, they are capable of sophisticated, specialized and measured response in complex politico-military situations where the application of conventional military forces is inappropriate because it could trigger an escalating response. 5. In order to fulfill the role and execute missions – Special Forces should have the capacity to operate in all kinds of terrain in the areas of interest and exploit adverse weather to own advantage. They should be capable of using the medium of land, sea and air for carrying out deep penetration to accomplish the assigned mission, which implies that their organization needs to be an integrated unit to maximize effectiveness. 6. The organization of Special Forces is designed to be cellular with the smallest functional group being a buddy pair. Based on past experiences, it was realized that there was a requirement of distributing danger, provide greater internal resources for psychological and physical backup and a need of varied combat skills namely – demolition, navigation, communication, medical, weapon proficiency and language within the group, have necessitated enlargement of the smallest functional group from a buddy pair to a combat patrol of a four- five men assault squad. Four such squads would be ideal to make a troop for carrying out overt and limited covert military special operations in war and situations short of declared war, either independently or in conjunction on with other special forces of similar nature, in own areas of interest to achieve military and or political objectives in support of military and / or national aims. SEC – 1: THE PARACHUTE BATTALIONS Organisation Employment 7. The Parachute Battalions are the oldest of the SOF in our country. These were formed either by converting the standard infantry battalions into Parachute Battalions or by the integration of the Indian Parachute Battalions post independence. Presently we have five Parachute Battalions of which, three battalions form part of the 50(Independent) Parachute Brigade. These are considered to be the only rapid reaction forces available with the country. 8. The 50(Independent) Parachute Brigade is a brigade group comprising of elements of all arms services[vii]. The Parachute Battalions are organised on lines similar to the regular infantry units. However, they are different from them in terms of their equipment profile. Another significant aspect is their manpower which is purely on the basis of volunteers who are selected after a very tough challenging probation for a period of three months. 9. The Parachute Battalions are organised trained for offensive operations behind enemy lines Out Of Area Contingencies. The Parachute Brigade over the years has been kept as an Army HQ Reserve or employed piecemeal in certain operations. 10. The Parachute Battalions have been employed with a fair degree of success in conventional operations in the past. The Para Brigade was successfully employed against the Portuguese in Goa, as a coy sized task force at Bara Hoti against the Chinese in early 1961 in the Kutch operations in 1965. The most successful operation of the Paras still remains the para drop of a battalion sized force at Tangail. This operation is arguably the one which tilted the balance in Indias favour. As regards failed operations, the most glaring example is that of the failed paradrop at the Jaffna University during Op PAWAN. However, the failure of this operation may not be attributable as much to the Paras as it would be to faulty planning coordination at higher levels. 11. Over the last decade a half, the Parachute Battalions have been employed in Counter Insurgency (CI) operations. Their employment in these operations has been quite successful with almost all battalions having been awarded the Chief of Army Staff Citation. 12. The Parachute Battalions have been employed as a rapid reaction force as a crack force to act upon hard intelligence to destroy terrorist hideouts. They have also been employed in covert role for surveillance pseudo operations. 13. In the recent past, perceptions among certain sections of the defence establishment have led to the crystallisation of the belief that large scale airborne operations are not feasible in the modern context. This has seriously affected the tactical strategic airlift capability. 14. In CI operations, the Parachute Battalions have been employed as regular infantry battalions- although as a tougher version of the latter. Couple this with the high expectations quick results desired from them, we see that the pressure to perform on these battalions is enormous. The fact that despite the above these units have performed exceedingly well is a tribute to their exemplary leadership high standard of training. SEC – 2: MARINE COMMANDOS (MARCOS) History Organisation 15. The evolution of the present day MARCOS dates back to 1986, when the National Security Guards (NSG) was being formed. In response to the requirement of an equivalent force for safeguarding our shore – based off-shore assets, the Indian Marine Special Force was formed in Feb 1987. This force was modelled on the lines of the US Navy SEALS the Royal Navys Special Boat Section. The name was changed from Indian Marine Special Force to the present day Marine Commandos (MARCOS) in 1991[viii]. 16. The present strength of the MARCOS is estimated to be about 2000 personnel[ix]. It is divided into three groups, one each at Mumbai, Kochi Vishakhapatnam. 17. The MARCOS undergo a very rigorous training of two years which includes the Combat Divers Course, the Armys Ghatak Course parachute jumps. Thereafter the personnel are sent to operational groups for on the job training for a year. This includes counter terrorist (CT) operations, storming of oil rigs hostage rescue operations. Employment 18. The CT operations of the MARCOS are executed by the Quick Reaction Sections (QRS) which are upto a platoon size. MARCOS can also be tasked for beach reconnaissance, under water demolitions other operations in support of the amphibious landings. 19. The MARCOS are presently also employed in teams in the JK, where they are primarily deployed along the Dal, Wullar Nageen lakes. Their deployment has led to an effective domination of these water bodies. In the very recent past, the MARCOS were employed during the terrorist attacks in Mumbai on 26 November 2008, wherein the MARCOS teams were heli-landed atop the Hotel Oberoi to eliminate the terrorists. 20. The recent employment of the MARCOS in neutralising the terrorists in Mumbai brought to fore once again the need to have an institutionalised framework for employing the Army Naval SOF in a coordinated manner. There is also a requirement of standardisation of equipment weapons if there has to be any joint operations in any future conflict. There is also a need for enhanced joint training of the army SF the MARCOS as they will surely be employed jointly in any future operation. SEC- 3: NATIONAL SECURITY GUARDS ( NSG) 21. The National Security Guards (NSG) was formed in 1986 under the National Security Guards Act ( Act 47 of 1986) has fast emerged as the elite anti-terror establishment not only in India but in the entire Asian region. The NSG is under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is mandated to carry out CT, anti-kidnapping, anti-sabotage, anti-hijacking hostage rescue missions[x]. 22. The NSG has approx 7500 which are further sub-divided as under:- (a) The Assault Groups, i.e, 51st 52nd Special Action Groups (SAG). (b) The Support Group. (c) Two Bomb Disposal Units. (d) A Dog Unit. (e) A Communications Group (f) A Transport Group. 23. The other element of the NSG is the Special Ranger Group (SRG) whose task is to isolate the target area where the SAG is to operate. However, these are now responsible for providing close security cover to VVIPs politicians. 24. The Support Group is manned by a mix of army para-military forces personnel includes the NSG Training Centre at Manesar near Gurgaon the Force Headquarters headed by a three star police officer of the IPS Cadre. The operational training aspects are handled by the army while the para-military forces look after the logistics budgeting. 25. The NSG has to its credit a string of successful operations is rightly known as the premier specialist CT organisation in India. The NSG successfully executed Op BLACK THUNDER in the precincts of the Golden Temple in 1984 wherein it was able to neutralise the hardcore militants with minimal collateral damage. The other notable operations include the neutralisation of the killers of Rajiv Gandhi at the Bangalore Airport the intervention at the Akshardham Temple in Gujarat. However, the most recent successful operation of the NSG remains the intervention neutralisation of terrorists at the Hotel Oberoi during the terrorist strikes at Mumbai on 26 November 2008. The NSG on the other hand, received a lot of unwarranted flak for its delayed employment during the IC-814 hijack crisis. As the picture of the exact turn of events is now clearing up, one can confidently say that the NSG should have been the last to be blamed in the matter. 26. However, the NSG is plagued with a number of problems of late. The most serious one is that of the Command Control structure. Although the most important aspects of operational role training are handled by the army, the head of the NSG is still an IPS officer. It is important that the command of such a premier CT organisation be vested with someone with a practical on the job experience of CT operations which naturally is with an army officer. The issue has been raised at the highest possible levels time again, most recently after the Mumbai attacks, but to no avail. It is important for the powers that be to stop the lobbyist attitudes which may eventually jeopardise national security. 27. Another major problem that has been created is due to the diversion of the Special Ranger Group (SRG) for VVIP protection tasks. The original task for which the SRG was raised – to isolate the target area for subsequent operations by SAG – has thus suffered a void. 28. Until before the Mumbai attacks, the SAGs were based in New Delhi operated from there. Post the incident, it was realised that there existed a need for the NSG to have operational bases in major metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata Hyderabad for rapid response to a terror strike. Accordingly, additional NSG units have been proposed to be raised for these cities. As to where the manpower for these units is likely to come from, especially when the NSG in its present form itself is plagued with a shortage of manpower, is matter of serious concern. SEC-4: SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE 29. The Special Frontier Force (SFF) was established in 1962 after the debacle in the war with China. The force has six battalions each with six companies. It also has a training establishment known as the Establishment 22 a Parachute Training School. The force comprises of personnel recruited from the border hill tribes Tibetan refugees. The force is officered by Indian Army officers on deputation. The task of the force is to conduct reconnaissance, carry out raids on vital installations direct air artillery strikes in case of hostilities with China[xi]. 30. In addition to the battalions, the force also has a unit known as the Special Group which is manned fully by personnel on deputation from the army[xii]. This group is organised equipped to carry out CT operations. The exact nature of tasks to be performed their likely employment is not very clearly spelt out. This group provided the core on which the first NSG unit was raised. 31. The SFF saw major combat in the 1971 War for the first time when it was employed in the Chittagong Hill Tracts for carrying out cross- border attacks which preceded the war. It also fought some spectacular actions against the 2nd Commando Battalion SSG of Pakistan during the war. 32. Despite the raison de etre, the SFF today is faced with the serious problem of their relevance. The normalisation of Sino-Indian ties the rapid modernisation of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) has diminished the possibility of a liberated Tibet. The fact has been accepted even by the Dalai Lama, who now talks of an Autonomous Tibet instead of Free Tibet. All this has led to a drastic reduction in the number of expatriate Tibetans with knowledge of local language, terrain culture. 33. Over a period of time the force has lost its motivated dedicated Khampa fighters have been replaced with second generation Tibetans who have been born brought up in India are consequently unaware of the terrain, local customs traditions of native Tibet – an aspect of prime importance for employment of the force. The army itself has been facing serious manpower problems especially in the officer cadre sending its officers on deputation to these units means taxing the already critical officer- state in the regular regiments/ battalions 34. Another important drawback in the force structure of the SFF is the Special Group. This Group was initially raised as an anti-hijack building intervention force. Subsequent to the raising of the NSG – for which the Group provided the core element – their employment role has been in a limbo. If it was intended to be employed for covert operations, it has not been done for lack of political will despite opportunities for the same having existed for so many years, especially against terror groups operating out of Pakistan. vii Brigadier Deepak Sinha: Beyond the Bayonet Indian Special Operations Forces in the 21st Century. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi pp 138-139. viiiIbid pp 164-165. ix Ibid pp 167- 171. x Ibid pp 177- 181. xi Ibid pp 177- 181. CHAPTER III FUTURE WOR LD ORDER SPECTRUM OF CONFLICT 1. In order to fully understand the changing dynamics of the world order the creation of new alliances partnerships, especially in the military realm, it is important for us to set for ourselves a realistic period we are looking at. What should such a period be? Five yrs from now? Or should we look at a timeline of 2020? 2. Given the continued progress of our nation in the Asian region as well as its emergence in the global affairs as a vital player in worlds politico-strategic dynamics, it is saner to look at a period of 2020. This is so because it is not only important for a nation to continue on its path of progress, but it is equally important to keep consolidating the gains as the years go by. Therefore, we can safely assume that by 2020, India would definitely be a long way up on the road to being the second most dominant player in the regional matters after of course, China which aims to be the regional superpower in the corresponding period. 3. What then is the strategic operational role of the army in 2020? What are the challenges it will have to face what are we required to attain to complement supplement the ambitions of our nation in this period? These other such questions are briefly discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. SEC 1: WORLD GEO – STRAT EGIC ENVIRONMENT IN 2020 4. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 Sep 2001 were two events which redefined the directions of world politics. While the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a creation of a unipolar world ( which is a reality as on date, despite the emergence of the European Union the rapid economic growth of China), the 9/11 terror attacks brought the War on Terror to the doorstep of the Indian sub-continent. 5. Extrapolation of the current geo-political geo-strategic environment to 2020 will, in all probabilities, give us the following picture[xiii]:- (a) While the US will continue to be the sole

No Exit - Hell Essays -- essays research papers

Hell. The four lettered word that trembles in the throats of men and children alike; The images of suffering, flame pits and blood, the smell of burning flesh, the shrieking of those who have fallen from grace. For centuries man has sought out ways to cleanse his soul, to repent for his sins and possibly secure his passage into paradise, all evoked by the fear of eternal damnation and pain. The early 20th century philosopher and existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre saw life as an endless realm of suffering and a complete void of nothingness. His pessimistic ideals of life followed through to his beliefs on death, as death for him was a final nothingness. If death was a final nothingness, Sartre's view of hell was really a final statement on life. Jean-Paul Sartre's depiction of hell in the play No Exit reflects his belief on humanity and society.No Exit's hell is embodied in a single room, decorated in Second Empire style furnishings. The surroundings seem more comforting than the traditional conception of hell, as the ones illustrated in Dante's inferno or even the bible. However, from an existentialist's point of view, the setting in itself is rather hellish, as its lavishness is overwhelmingly superficial and superficiality is rejected in existentialist belief. As existentialists believe that human life is lived in suffering, sin, guilt and anxiety, anything superficial is a foolish and naive way of denying despair. In a sense, Sartre's hell exists for him not in the ...

Mergers and Acquisitions †The life of Hewlett †Packard Essay

The first big customer of HP was Walt Disney Studios. The company purchased eight oscillators from HP for their movie Fantasia. These oscillators were purchased in order to develop an innovative sound system for the movie. HP has incorporated profit sharing and social commitment in the company through its values and corporate objectives that have been with the company since 1957, these principles guide them to be focused and committed to the company and were founded by the co founders and are being followed to this day. Through trust, team work, innovation and integrity the company has been successful in making enough profits to finance their growth as well as keep all the stakeholders satisfied. They respect customer loyalty and the role of employees and there fore their contribution in the company. They look for opportunities and grow but not at the stake of society, they serve as an asset to the society and country where ever they are doing business. Dave Packard used a management technique that was incorporated into HP’s corporate culture. He called it â€Å"managing by walking around† which later came to be known as â€Å"management by Objectives† which had employee involvement, recognition and communication for better management and achievement of organizational goals. The company went public in the year 1957 and Bill and Dave have always given respect and appreciation for the employee’s efforts. Therefore after going public they gave the stock grants to the employees automatically who have been serving for at least six months in the company. This meant that the employees were given shares of the company, which will give them some form of ownership in the company and motivate them more for the performance and growth. The first acquisition of the company took place in the year 1958 of a high quality graphic producer company. The name of the company was F.L. Moseley Company of Pasadena, California. This acquisition was not seen as a threat to its flexibility because this gave opportunity to HP to enter into plotters market which was a needed for the company’s printer business. And to counter the problem of growing business the company had practiced decentralization of business divisions which will be responsible for their own products. Bill was looking for opportunities internationally for Hp to enter foreign markets and he found some in Europe after the Treaty of Rome and also the European Common market in the year 1957. These paved way for starting operation of Hp in the European markets and as Bill visited Europe he found it a viable decision and the company became global in the year 1959. The first joint venture of the company was in Asia with a Japanese company named Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard (YHP) in the year 1963. The CEO identified the factors that lead to major acquisitions by HP till the year 2005. HP was performing well in the industry. Its revenue and profits were rising and which made it attractive for the investor’s point of view as the company’s stock value also rose. The company was able to achieve cost control and pay bonuses to the employees at the same time. The company had a strong financial position with an impressive figure of $6.8 billion as an increase in revenue growth. The company wanted to achieve cost competitiveness. The company made some changes in the number of workers and their retirement programmes. The company consists of a team of dedicated workforce which is willing to put in their maximum efforts to enhance the value and performance. Moreover the company wanted to evolve in the bigger markets. The company had cash and potential to prosper in sales, they had no burden of operational debt. They have a strong customer base with a brand loyalty from them. All these led to the successful acquisitions of the company. The merger and acquisitions that took place between HP and other companies around the globe made HP a much stronger company in terms of market share as well as sales growth and innovation and created value for the company. The deal with Compaq was seen as an opportunity to grow into the IT sector in the world.   One of the long term goals of the company is to become the world’s largest computer company. All these mergers and takeovers were taken in order to reduce the competition, increase market share, share expertise which can be used to produce further products. The deal between Compaq and HP was seen as a success in the industry after five years of the deal. Compaq was its strong competitive at the same time one of the largest PC makers. The two companies by integrating have took forward the company’s profits and sales to another level altogether. The merger took place at the right time when both the companies were lacking the production of key products. But after the deal both the companies were able to fill in the gap that they had while operating independently. They were committed to the infrastructure software which helped the company go into the management layer from the commodity hardware. The company was at a stronger position to compete with the global service providers. The deal was able to increase the revenue and profits for the company being in the competitive environment of the industry.

Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni, First Sultan in History

Biography of Mahmud of Ghazni, First Sultan in History Mahmud of Ghazni (Nov. 2, 971–April 30, 1030), the first ruler in history to assume the title of sultan, founded the Ghaznavid Empire. His title signified that the Muslim Caliph remained the religious leader of the empire despite being the political leader of a vast swath of land, encompassing much of what is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. Fast Facts: Mahmud of Ghazni Known For: First sultan in historyAlso Known As: Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn SabukteginBorn: Nov. 2, 971 in Ghazna,  Zabulistan,  Samanid EmpireParents: Abu Mansur Sabuktigin, Mahmud-i Zavuli  Died: April 30, 1030 in GhaznaHonor: Pakistan named its  short-range ballistic missile  the  Ghaznavi Missile  in his honor.Spouse: Kausari JahanChildren: Mohammad  and  Masud (twins) Early Life On Nov. 2, 971, Yamin ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktegin, better known as Mahmud of Ghazni, was born in the town of Ghazna (now known as Ghazni), in southeast Afghanistan. His father Abu Mansur Sabuktegin was Turkic, a former Mamluk warrior-slave from Ghazni. When the Samanid dynasty, based in Bukhara (now in Uzbekistan) began to crumble, Sabuktegin seized control of his hometown of Ghazni in 977. He then conquered other major Afghan cities, such as Kandahar. His kingdom formed the core of the Ghaznavid Empire, and he is credited with founding the dynasty. Not much is known about Mahmud of Ghaznis childhood. He had two younger brothers; the second one, Ismail, was born to Sabuktegins principal wife. The fact that she, unlike Mahmuds mother, was a free-born woman of noble blood would turn out to be key in the question of succession when Sabuktegin died during a military campaign in 997. Rise to Power On his deathbed, Sabuktegin passed over his militarily and diplomatically skilled eldest son Mahmud, 27, in favor of the second son, Ismail. It seems likely that he chose Ismail because he was not descended from slaves on both sides, unlike the elder and younger brothers. When Mahmud, who was stationed at Nishapur (now in Iran), heard of his brothers appointment to the throne, he immediately marched east to challenge Ismails right to rule. Mahmud overcame his brothers supporters in 998, seized Ghazni, took the throne for himself, and placed his younger brother under house arrest for the rest of his life. The new sultan would rule until his own death in 1030. Expanding the Empire Mahmuds early conquests expanded the Ghaznavid realm to roughly the same footprint as the ancient Kushan Empire. He employed typical Central Asian military techniques and tactics, relying primarily on a highly mobile horse-mounted cavalry, armed with compound bows. By 1001, Mahmud had turned his attention to the fertile lands of the Punjab, now in India, which lay southeast of his empire. The target region belonged to fierce but fractious Hindu Rajput kings, who refused to coordinate their defense against the Muslim threat from Afghanistan. In addition, the Rajputs used a combination of infantry and elephant-mounted cavalry, a formidable but slower-moving form of army than the Ghaznavids horse cavalry. Ruling a Huge State Over the next three decades, Mahmud of Ghazni would make more than a dozen military strikes into Hindu and Ismaili kingdoms to the south. By the time of his death, Mahmuds empire stretched to the shores of the Indian Ocean at southern Gujarat. Mahmud appointed local vassal kings to rule in his name in many of the conquered regions, easing relations with non-Muslim populations. He also welcomed Hindu and Ismaili soldiers and officers into his army. However, as the cost of constant expansion and warfare began to strain the Ghaznavid treasury in the later years of his reign, Mahmud ordered his troops to target Hindu temples and strip them of vast quantities of gold. Domestic Policies The Sultan Mahmud loved books and honored learned men. In his home base at Ghazni, he built a library to rival that of the Abbasid caliphs court in Baghdad, now in Iraq. Mahmud of Ghazni also sponsored the construction of universities, palaces, and grand mosques, making his capital city the jewel of Central Asia. Final Campaign and Death In 1026, the 55-year-old sultan set out to invade the state of Kathiawar, on Indias west (Arabian Sea) coast. His army drove as far south as Somnath, famous for its beautiful temple to the Lord Shiva. Although Mahmuds troops successfully captured Somnath, looting and destroying the temple, there was troubling news from Afghanistan. A number of other Turkic tribes had risen up to challenge Ghaznavid rule, including the Seljuk Turks, who had already captured Merv (Turkmenistan) and Nishapur (Iran). These challengers had already begun to nibble away at the edges of the Ghaznavid Empire by the time Mahmud died on April 30, 1030. The sultan was 59 years old. Legacy Mahmud of Ghazni left behind a mixed legacy. His empire would survive until 1187, although it began to crumble from west to east even before his death. In 1151, the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni itself, fleeing to Lahore (now in Pakistan). The Sultan Mahmud spent much of his life battling against what he called infidels- Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Muslim splinter-groups such as the Ismailis. In fact, the Ismailis seem to have been a particular target of his wrath, since Mahmud (and his nominal overlord, the Abbasid caliph) considered them heretics. Nonetheless, Mahmud of Ghazni seems to have tolerated non-Muslim people so long as they did not oppose him militarily. This record of relative tolerance would continue into the following Muslim empires in India: the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526–1857). Sources Duiker, William J. Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History, Vol. 1, Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2006.Mahmud Of Ghazni. Afghan Network.Nazim, Muhammad. The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, CUP Archive, 1931.Ramachandran, Sudha. â€Å"Asias Missiles Strike at the Heart.†Ã‚  Asia Times Online., Asia Times, 3 Sept. 2005.

Essay on Human Rights Essays

Essay on Human Rights Essays Essay on Human Rights Essay Essay on Human Rights Essay India INDIAN CRIMINAL DEFENSE MANUAL The Role And Responsibility of a Legal Aid Lawyer Rights of the Accused and Exceptional Circumstances Client Interview Other Pretrial Matters Theory of the Case Various Defense Strategies Questioning the Witness Plea Bargaining/Guilty Plea Evidence Arguments CODES The Code of Criminal Procedure The Constitution of India The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 LEGAL RESOURCES Lawyer-Client Relationship India Country Summary Card Rights of the Accused Around the World Important Case Law regarding Defendants Rights in India LEGAL TRAINING RESOURCE CENTER eLearning Courses for Indian lawyers Background India has one of the worlds largest populations of pre-trial detainees with 249,796 people in overcrowded and unsanitary prisons. While in police custody, these Indian citizens are often subjected to beatings, sleep deprivation, and shock treatments all in violation of their fundamental constitutional rights. Subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment, they are an example of human rights abuses on a colossal scale. Four people die in police or judicial custody every day from these abuses. Many of these deaths could be avoided if cases were swiftly resolved. However, each year more cases are filed in Indian courts than can ever be disposed of, creating a huge bottleneck in the criminal justice system. There are currently 26,752,193 pending cases in Indian courts and in some jurisdictions case loads are so high that it would take a thousand years to clear court dockets. Because of this backlog, detainees who cannot make bail are sometimes kept in pretrial detention longer than the maximum sentence they would have received if convicted. In one case, a man was held in pretrial detention for 54 years even though the maximum sentence for his crime was only 10 years. During these periods of pre-trial detention, arrestees are at the greatest risk of human rights abuses as victims have reported that the longer the period of detention, the more intense the violence against them becomes. These abuses are made worse and worse by the continuing deterioration of the Indian Police, one of the most ill-equipped police departments in the world. For every 1,037 Indian residents there is only one police officer. Asian average: 558, global average: 333). Understaffed, under-skilled and under-resourced, the police in many Indian states work long hours under filthy labor conditions. Junior officers face intense pressure from supervisors to solve cases quickly and efficiently. As a result, bribery, brutal torture, murders, illegal arrests and other human rights abuses have become the norm, rather than the exception. Recently, India has demonstrated an increased commitment to rule of law and citizens’ legal rights. Because of police abuses during interrogation, Article 22 of the Indian Constitution was added to prevent police from detaining citizens for longer than 24 hours without a special order from a magistrate. Though domestic law grants this fundamental legal right, there remains a tremendous gulf between the actual law and its implementation. Police officers regularly detain suspects for several days, post-dating arrest documents 24-hours before producing the defendant before the magistrate. Similarly, pretrial detainees are routinely denied due process rights taken for granted in the western world: notice of charges and an opportunity to contact family or lawyers. In many cases these prisoners – poor and marginally literate – are completely unaware they have any legal rights at all, further emboldening police officers. NGOs have been successful in lobbying Indian authorities to criminalize torture, organizing public awareness campaigns on the issue of torture and aiding the rehabilitation of torture victims. However, systematic police denial, obstruction, an absence of records and a lack of accountability continues to plague the system. Despite the fact that India has a limited legal aid system, the vast majority of pre-trial detainees never receive any legal representation, making this right illusory at best. Indias current legal aid system operates primarily in urban areas, and due to caste segregation many Indians do not receive access to legal aid at all. Each of Indias 28 states operates its own Legal Services Authority, resulting in an uncoordinated approach to Indias legal aid problems. Type of System A former British colony, India has a criminal justice system heavily influenced by the English common law system. There are, however, significant differences. For instance, India banned the use of jury trials in 1960. Sources of Defendants Rights Defendants rights are protected by the Constitution of India, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 which governs a suspects rights prior to trial. In addition, defendants rights are established by case law by regional and national courts. By law, Indian defendants retain a significant number of rights including the right to counsel[1], the right to silence [2], the right to a fair trial[3], the right to confront witnesses[4] and the right to a speedy trial[5] Defendants Rights Pre-Trial The arrest of a defendant must be made if a reasonable complaint has been made or credible information received or a reasonable suspicion exists that an individual committed a crime[6]. Police may conduct a search upon probable cause and the issuance of a search warrant. A defendant may be detained pending trial. For bailable offenses a Magistrate must notify the accused of his right to bail and prescribe the amount of bail. The defendant has the right to identify an individual to be informed of his or her arrest. [7]. An arrestee has the right to demand an Inspection Memo for documenting any injuries incurred during or after arrest and has the right to a medical examination every 48 hours. A defendant has the right to meet a lawyer during interrogation though not throughout the entire duration of the interrogation. Defendants in police custody must be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours of arrest. [8] The right to counsel applies to all custodial interrogations as well as critical stages of the proceedings including post-indictment interrogations, arraignments, gulity pleas and trials. [9] Trial A defendant has the right to a fair trial in open court [10] as well as the right to confront witnesses [11]. Jury trials were abandoned in 1960 and all trials occur with the judge sitting as finder of both law and fact. Confessions to police are inadmissible as evidence. Confessions may be admissible if made to a Magistrate and only if the Magistrate examines the circumstances of the confession for possible police coercion or intimidation[12] Post-Conviction The Constitution of India prohibits an individual from being prosecuted and punished form the same offence more than once. [13] The Criminal Procedure Code states that every individual convicted in High Court may appeal to the Supreme Court. Any person convicted on a trial held by a Sessions Judge or Additional Sessions Judge or a trial in any other court in which the sentence of imprisonment is more than seven years may appeal to the High Court. The defendant must show that a miscarriage of justice jeapardized the fundamental fairness of the trial in order to secure reversal. [14] The Indian Supreme Court may enforce Constitution rights by Habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari [15] See Criminal Justice Systems Around the World QUICK FACTS There are 26,752,193 pending cases in Indian courts. In some jurisdictions case loads are so high that it would take a thousand years to clear court dockets. References ^ Constitution of India, Art. 22(1) ^ Constitution of India, Art. 20(3) Constitution of India, Art. 14 ^ India Evidence Act, Section 138 ^ Hussainara Khatoon Ors. V. Home Secretary, Bihar, Patna, (1980) I SCC 98 ^ Criminal Procedure Code, Sect. 41 ^ Criminal Procedure Code, Section 50A ^ Constitution of India, Article 22(2) ^ State of M. P. v. Shobharam, AIR 1966 SC 1910: (1966) Cri LJ 1521 ^ Criminal Procedure Code Sec. 327 ^ Indian Evidence Act Sec. 138 ^ Criminal Procedure Code, Sect. 164. ^ C onstitution of India, Art. 20(2). ^ For a full list of appealable issues see Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Sections 460-466. ^ Constitution of India, Art. 32(2